基于超声脉冲法的火灾损伤后混凝土裂纹深度检测

检测或诊断裂纹深度是火灾后混凝土结构受损综合评判的重要依据。开发一种专用的火灾后混凝土裂纹深度检测仪器,是一项填补国内该领域空白的重要研究课题。在研讨和分析超声脉冲法检测混凝土表面损伤裂纹深度的单面平测法、逐层穿透法和损伤层厚度判定3种测试方法的基础上,笔者设计开发了一种超声测试诊断仪,采用高精度计时电路、传感器驱动电路和自动增益电路,提高了仪器计时精度和抗干扰性。经对多组火灾损伤后的结构混凝土试件的测试,获取了6组共60个声时数据,用给出的方法进行了计算,得出的裂纹深度值与观察结果能较好地吻合。理论与实测表明,提出的裂纹检测方法和开发出的测试仪器具有实用性。     

基于人的认知可靠性(HCR)模型的人因操作失误研究

以人的认知可靠性(HCR)模型为指导,选择包含技能型、规则型和知识型3种认知类型,结合大连化工集团公司影响运行安全的17个异常事件,对54名操纵员的时间响应状况和允许操作时间进行录像、记录与分析;依据IAEA提供的指标[1],找出操纵员在生产过程中可能出现的操作失误类别及其可能造成的危害;基于3参数威布尔模型推导出操纵员操作响应失误概率模型,并从人机工程学角度提出了具体预防事故的安全对策措施。结果表明,基于HCR模型的大化集团公司操纵员的人因操作失误模型实用、有效,为实现操作者与机器系统相协调的目标、正确评估操作着实时操作的响应时间提供了重要参考依据。     

大空间建筑消防系统故障风险定量分析的新方法

在对CO2自动灭火系统的故障模式、影响及危害度定性分析的基础上,采用模糊数学方法,以系统故障影响严重度、故障模式发生概率及其可检测性为关键指标,给出了故障风险定量评价指标的建立方法,提出了一种消防系统故障风险定量分析的新方法———模糊推理法。该方法可直接输入语言变量,利用模糊定性和不确定信息或数据定量评价系统的故障风险,并以CO2自动灭火系统为例,详细阐述了该方法定量评价故障风险的全过程。该方法和推理过程可为其他建筑防火设备的同类分析所借鉴,为城市火灾风险定量评价系统的构建提供理论基础和一种新方法。     

苏南地区新近沉积土的动剪切模量比与阻尼比--试验研究

苏南地区的场地土主要为漫滩相、湖沼相或冲湖相新近沉积软弱土，结构松散，沉积零乱，成分复杂，饱水可液化粉细砂层及粉土层较为发育，在地震或动力荷载的作用下有可能发生软土震陷或砂土液化。通过对苏南地区淤泥质粉质粘土、粘土、粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉细砂互层土、粉土、粉砂、细砂和中粗砂等8类新近沉积土155个原状土样历时4年的试验研究，给出了该地区上述8类新近沉积土的动剪切模量比G／Gmax和阻尼比D随剪应变幅值γ变化的平均拟合曲线及其参数的推荐值。为便于一般工程应用，给出了这8类新近沉积土的G/Gmax-γ，和D—γ关系曲线的推荐值及其标准差。     

深部岩体分区破裂化模拟试验模型几何尺寸的确定

为了揭示深部岩体在开挖时所发生的一系列变化情况,需要进行模拟试验研究。简要介绍了深部岩体在开挖洞室或巷道时发生的分区破裂化现象及其发展规律。根据分区破裂化力学现象、模拟试验背景和试验加载条件,运用弹性力学的基本理论,通过分析与计算,确定了采用b/a≥10作为模型几何参数的选取原则。在实验室条件下,可以采用石膏半径b=1 000 mm,钻孔半径a=100 mm的圆柱体模型来模拟深部岩体的分区破裂化现象及其规律。     

加速度均方根地震动统计研究

根据美国加州等地的强震记录,采用回归分析方法研究了加速度记录水平、竖向分量的峰值加速度(PGA)和一定时间窗内加速度均方根(SRSTM S)的衰减规律。所采用的加速度记录共795组(两水平向与一竖向)2 385条。对作为地震危险性分析的主要参数PGA的衰减规律与SRSTM S的衰减规律作了详细的研究,结果表明,SRSTM S的离散性明显的小于PGA,因此建议将SRSTM S的衰减关系应用于地震动强度的危险性分析。     

The utilization of brackish water, protecting the quality of the upper fresh water layer in coastal aquifers

Increasing salinity is one of the most significant and widespread forms of groundwater pollution in coastal areas. This paper presents the causes and impacts of saline water intrusion in coastal areas. Various causes of salt water intrusion, and approaches for the determination of its extent and various measures to control the salt water intrusion are described. An aquifer performance test (APT) approach is presented to identify the extent of existing salt water intrusion in the study area located in the southwest coastal region of Gujarat State (India). A resistivity based experimental technique is used to identify the quality of the groundwater available at different depths. A methodology is presented to assess the extent of available fresh and saline groundwater and to find out the limit up to which lower saline groundwater can be withdrawn for industrial purposes without affecting the upper fresh water layer which can be made available for domestic purposes.     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

美、日武器装备环境试验设施

介绍了美军三大自然环境试验中心、海军武器试验基地、麦金利气候实验室和日军5个环境试验站的试验设施、试验能力,同时概述了美、日军用环境试验标准的发展历史及现状。     

霉菌试验技术分析与探讨

分析了霉菌试验技术对试验结果的影响,并从试验菌种、霉菌孢子、灭菌方法以及试验结果评定等方面对提高霉菌试验结果的可靠性进行了深入探讨.